Urban planning and land shortcoming in Morocco

  Urban planning tools in Morocco are a source of land injustice. Urban planning documents continue to reflect a prescriptive and normative urbanism based on a functionalist logic of equipment distribution and zoning, constantly generating spatial divisions and correlative social segregations. Thus, the distribution of the surplus value deriving from these urban planning tools generates a complex situation between rich and impoverished landowners. This abusive distribution of rights and burdens that urban planning documents produce gives rise to a situation of social tensions and disparities. Reconciling urban planning and land justice is a difficult mission. This leads us to support the need of introducing corrective mechanisms to mitigate the effects of injustice. Land inequity is a source of social injustice for those who have suffered the consequences of prejudicial planning. The success of any development project, consistent with the overall project of society, remains dependent on the elimination of reluctance and on the convergence of social perceptions about space to improve collectively production and to purify common goods. A priori, urban planning and the land issue reflect an urban and land governance exercise, a process and a process rather than a formula to guarantee the result. Whatever the pedagogical rigor followed, no one can claim the absolute rationality of quantification, sizing and spatialization of urban servitudes because the reflection is engaged in a hypothetical field. The act of planning cannot be an expression of a socio-economic optimum shared by all actors, although efforts are made to `democratize` the decision-making process. However, land studies are often little explored, diluted or abandoned in the process of developing a planning document. Land is rarely explored, while it is a factor of revitalization of urban life, when it is asked to identify the land problems hindering the mobilization of land to urbanize, to inventory properties under different legal status, to sketch the situation of the land market and to define the means likely to remedy the constraints imposed on it. As a result, the mess in implementing planning documents is great. The rate of achievement of public facilities, green spaces and roads provided in urban planning documents is generally below 15%. The central problematic of this idea is essentially to interpret the tool that legislates the setting of easements in the urban planning system, which leads to the formulation of the following question: With what principles and rules of urban planning can we ensure socio-spatial regulation and land justice? The objective is to highlight the aspects of land injustices generated by urban planning documents, to assess the legal provisions governing the interaction between urban planning and land and to innovate principles, rules and mechanisms that can weaken forms of land injustices. Modern management requires ongoing monitoring that promotes the availability at any time of reliable, comprehensive, and aggregated information to facilitate the evolution of indicators for evaluating efforts, results, impacts. This essay follows a three-pronged framework: the first focuses on revealing the scope and limits of the normative and legal framework for urban planning. The second aims to highlight the forms of land injustice arising from urban plans. As for the third axis, it focuses on the principles, rules and prospects for a possible renewal in this area.

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